The Obesity Factor
Essay - 3 pages - Medical studies
As Becky waits for the bus on a chilly Thursday night she paces back and forth in anticipation. Stressing over why the bus is taking so long, she feels a pang of hunger in her stomach and realizing that she hasn't got anything at home to eat, she decides to quickly run across the street and grab...
Genes and Chromosomes
Tutorials/exercises - 6 pages - Medical studies
As a first approximation, genes can be defined as stretches of DNA that encode a single protein or a single functional RNA, such as an rRNA or tRNA. There are exceptions to this rule because there are mechanisms, such as alternative splicing of the primary RNA transcript into different mRNAs,...
Pelvic Circulation
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Medical studies
At the bifurcation of the aorta, the middle sacral artery arises posteriorly and travels on the pelvic surface of the sacrum to supply branches to the sacral foramina and the rectum. The common iliac arteries arise at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra, run anterior and lateral to their...
Pelvic Innervations
Essay - 2 pages - Medical studies
Surgical Anatomy of the Retroperitoneum, Kidneys, and Ureters; only the pelvic courses of its nerves are reviewed here. The iliohypogastric nerve (L1) travels between, and supplies, the internal oblique and the transversus muscles and pierces the internal and external oblique muscles 3 cm above...
Anatomy of the Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genitalia
Tutorials/exercises - 4 pages - Medical studies
The pelvic bones are the sacrum (the termination of the axial skeleton) and the two innominate bones. The latter are formed by the fusion of the iliac, ischial, and pubic ossification centers at the acetabulum. The ischium and pubis also meet below, in the center of the inferior ramus, to form...
The Amnion
Tutorials/exercises - 3 pages - Medical studies
The amnion at term is a tough and tenacious but pliable membrane. It is the innermost fetal membrane and is contiguous with the aminonic fluid. This particular avascular structure occupies a role of incredible importance in human pregnancy. In many obstetrical populations, preterm premature...
Blood Circulation in the Mature Placenta
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Medical studies
Because the placenta functionally represents a rather intimate association of the fetal capillary bed to maternal blood, its gross anatomy primarily concerns vascular relations. The fetal surface of the placenta is covered by the transparent amnion beneath which the fetal chorionic vessels...
Organization of Placenta
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Medical studies
From the electron microscopic studies of Wislocki and Dempsey (1955), data were provided that permitted a functional interpretation of the fine structure of the placenta. There are prominent microvilli on the syncytial surface, corresponding to the "brush border" described by light microscopy....
Embryonic and Placental Development
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Medical studies
In a description of the earliest stages of the human blastocyst, the wall of the primitive blastodermic vesicle was characterized as consisting of a single layer of ectoderm. As early as 72 hours after ovum fertilization, the 58-cell blastula had differentiated into 5 embryo-producing cells and...
Immunological Acceptance of the Conceptus
Tutorials/exercises - 3 pages - Medical studies
Over the last half century, many attempts to explain the survival of the semiallogenic fetal graft have been proposed. One of the earliest explanations was based on the theory of antigenic immaturity of the embryo-fetus. This was disproved by Billingham (1964) who showed that transplantation...
Fetal Tissues of the Fetal-Maternal Communication System
Tutorials/exercises - 5 pages - Medical studies
The extravillous and villous trophoblasts are the embryonic-fetal tissues of the anatomical interface of the placental arm; the avascular fetal membranes—the amnion and chorion laeve—are the fetal tissues of the anatomical interface of the paracrine arm of this system. The placental...
The Decidua
Tutorials/exercises - 4 pages - Medical studies
This tissue is the specialized, highly modified endometrium of pregnancy. The transformation of secretory endometrium to decidua is dependent upon the action of estrogen and progesterone and other stimuli provided by the implanting blastocyst (or maternal platelets) during trophoblast invasion of...
Prementrual Syndromes
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Medical studies
A variety of maladies, sometimes disabling, beset many ovulatory women in a recurrent manner during the luteal phase of each ovarian cycle. Although the biological basis for this association is not defined, evidence points to a causal relationship between progesterone secretion and withdrawal and...
Clinical Aspects of Menstruation
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Medical studies
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood, mucus, and cellular debris from the uterine mucosa. Menses occur at more or less regular, cyclical, and predictable intervals from menarche to menopause except during pregnancy, lactation, anovulation, or pharmacological intervention. It is...
Delirium
Tutorials/exercises - 3 pages - Medical studies
Delirium, a clinical syndrome characterized as an acute disorder of attention and cognitive function, is the most frequent complication of hospitalization for elders and a potentially devastating problem. Delirium often is unrecognized despite sensitive methods for its detection, and its...
Physiology of Pregnancy
Tutorials/exercises - 4 pages - Medical studies
Endometrium/decidua is the anatomical site of blastocyst apposition, implantation, and placental development. The endometrium is the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity and the decidua is the highly modified and specialized endometrium of pregnancy. From an evolutionary perspective, the human...
Wasting Away
Essay - 2 pages - Medical studies
Over the centuries, numerous scientists have devoted their lives to curing the ailments that have plagued mankind. While some diseases (such as polio) have been heroically defeated, others still kill millions of people every year. HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and Influenza, are just some of the many diseases...
Human Pregnancy
Essay - 2 pages - Medical studies
Healthier mothers and babies ranks as one of the 10 great public health achievements in the United States between 1900 and 1999. At the beginning of the century, almost 1 in every 100 women giving birth in this country died of pregnancy-related complications, and nearly 1 of 10 infants died...
Perspectives on Obstetrics
Essay - 3 pages - Medical studies
Medical writers have recently turned to the opening line of Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities to describe these prevailing times in medicine and obstetrics as "the best of times. . . the worst of times. . ." (Grumbach, 1999; Morrison, 2000). Why are these times at once the best and worst...
Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Aging
Tutorials/exercises - 3 pages - Medical studies
The process of aging produces important physiologic changes in the central nervous system, including neuroanatomic, neurotransmitter, and neurophysiologic changes. These processes result in age-related symptoms and manifestations for many older persons. These physiologic changes develop at...
Crohn's Disease
Essay - 2 pages - Medical studies
Crohn's Disease is a form of ileitis, or inflammation of the ileum, which is the terminal portion of the small intestine. It is characterized by abdominal pain, ulceration, and fibrous tissue buildup in the terminal portion of the ileum. This is a relatively new disease, with proper medical...
Bacterial transformation lab report
Case study - 2 pages - Medical studies
Bacterial transformation is the transforming of a bacterial cell using plasmids spliced with various types of DNA from other cells (Miyazaki, 201). Instead of a nucleus with chromosomes, bacterial cells have one large circular chromosome in their cell. They also have much smaller rings of DNA...
Osmolarity and Body Volume
Case study - 3 pages - Medical studies
Water comprises a very large part of an organism's body. The delicate balances within the systems of an organism involve the concentrations of, to name a few, Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ salts (Dilger and Collins, p. 9). There are two types of fluids within organisms; the ICF (intracellular fluid) and...
Frog CV Lab Report
Case study - 3 pages - Medical studies
One of the most important organs in the body is the heart. Of course, this organ is of great importance not only in humans but in all vertebrates. Blood, which carries nutrients, oxygen, and wastes from organ to organ within the body is pumped by the heart. Without the heart's pumping action,...
Reflex Physiology Lab Report
Case study - 4 pages - Medical studies
Our experiment was concerned with the reflex response in humans, and how it compares to a voluntary neural pathway as well as how it is enhanced by what is known as the Jendrassik Maneuver. Our hypothesis was that the reflex response would be faster than the voluntary response, and that with the...
Bacterial Transformation
Case study - 2 pages - Medical studies
The process of genetic transformation is an important tool used in biotechnology. It has been used in agriculture to create plants that are resistant to different kinds of conditions. In medicine it is being used to try and create bacteria that produce insulin which can be used to treat diabetes....
Lab report on reflexology
Case study - 8 pages - Medical studies
Reflexes are the body's involuntary responses to various stimuli. They are controlled in large part by the human nervous system which has three main functions: sensory input, integration, and motor output. Sensory input is due to sensory receptors throughout the body collecting information about...
Reflex Physiology
Case study - 5 pages - Medical studies
A human specimen can contain a number of involuntary responses (responses not consciously controlled) to outside stimuli; science calls this response a reflex. Some reflexes disappear as e mature into adults, such as suckling, grasp reflex, Moro reflex and several others (Wikipedia, the Free...
The Goodness of Meat
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Medical studies
Imagine a life where people are weak and constantly ill. Imagine everyone being bed ridden and unable to operate the human body at the level appreciated today. By removing meat from a diet, this is a scenario that becomes a real life horror movie. Eating meat is an essential part of everyone's...
Neuropathic Pain
Presentation - 33 pages - Medical studies
Neuropathic pain is defined as pain in association with nerve injury or dysfunction. It may be triggered by numerous insults including direct nerve injury, infection, metabolic dysfunction, autoimmune disease, neoplasm, drugs, and neurovascular disorders. It may reflect the pathologic operation...
