Towards a European Defense?
Course material - 7 pages - International relations
The problem of a European defense system is not new: we remember the Brussels Treaty of 1948, which was a military alliance between GB, France and the Benelux countries, including a common European general staff which was stationed in Fontainebleau, until it was taken over by...
Towards a Kind of European Constitution? From the Saint-Malo Franco-British Meeting to the Lisbon Treaty (1998-2007)
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
In 1998, Prime Minister Blair had to realize that the fact that GB did not participate in the Euro would actually marginalize her inside the European Union. He decided to recover the initiative, and to take up the subject of European defense, where GB could contribute in an...
The Interplay of National and European Considerations in the Foreign Policy of EU Members - The Countries Other than France and Germany
Course material - 8 pages - Political science
France and Germany alone can no longer call the tune in the EU. They henceforth have to take much more into account the agenda of the other members. We shall see first that agenda, regrouping, of course, the different countries into larger groups along their affinities, and then the possible...
The Interplay of National and European Considerations in the Foreign Policy of EU Members - France and Germany
Course material - 11 pages - Political science
Since the origins of the European project, Europe has depended on close Franco-German cooperation. As we have seen, all the big moves forward were possible because of the basic Franco-German agreement; the last major instance was Maastricht in 1992. The other countries had to follow. Of...
The European Union and its International Role - Towards a European Federation? (From the European Conference in The Hague to the Rome Treaties, 1948-1957)
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
Already during the war, many Resistance groups asked themselves how to stop the cycle of recurring European wars. After 1945, many groups and associations suggested going back to the European ideas of the 20s, which included the concept of a European Union (Briand Plan of...
Future Opportunities, Threats, Challenges and Goals of the European Union
Essay - 4 pages - European union
The European Union is the largest and most successful political and economic union in the world, making it a key player. Research on the European Union focuses mainly on its construction, its functioning, the challenges and threats it faces. Our research aims to examine the...
Towards a European Confederation? From de Gaulle's Return to Power to the Milan European Summit (1958-1985)
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
After the failure of the federal concept and the more prudent approach of the Rome Treaties, for about 30 years, the European Economic Community (EEC) seemed to develop more along the concept of a European Confederation, not a Federation, as envisioned by the Founding Fathers,...
The European Union and its neighbors to the East and South-East of the Continent and to the Middle East
Course material - 11 pages - Political science
The European Union has still very limited means in terms of foreign and security and defense policy, and its members still follow quite different foreign policy agendas. But the EU confronts several and often growing problems and crisis in her immediate vicinity.
Phrases (Peace - Defense - Disarmament) and... bases - Viktor Govorkov (1952) - Relations between the United States and the USSR in the early 1950s
Artwork commentary - 2 pages - Modern history
On March 12, 1947, the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, announced his concern about the "Communist threat" before Congress. He thus establishes the American doctrine: "I believe that the United States should support free peoples who resist attempts at enslavement [...]. I believe...
Anglo-German relations in the European Union, 1945-2019
Presentation - 10 pages - International relations
History showed that Germany and the United Kingdom were often enemies, even if they were also strongly dependent and linked on many levels. Indeed, they were commercial and industrial rivals before 1914, and then they fought against each other during the two World Wars. But more recently, they...
Advisory Opinion on The Wall - International Court of Justice - Article 51 of the United Nations Charter and the right of self-defense
Essay - 3 pages - International law
In its Advisory Opinion on The Wall, the International Court of Justice declared that Article 51 of the United Nations Charter "recognizes the existence of an inherent right of self-defense in the case of armed attack by one State against another State", thereby implying that the right of...
American and European Experiences
Case study - 3 pages - Educational studies
A tendency to generate unemployment may be inevitable consequence of a market system, but it is not an inevitable evil. You can administer a capitalist system with high levels of employment - paying most likely the price of considerable degree of inflation. A critic might question the low...
European Union Influence in International Political Economy
Case study - 6 pages - Educational studies
International political economy is a field that tries to understand global and international problems through an electric interdisciplinary array of theoretical perspectives and analytical tool. It encompasses analysis of political economy in the global trade, international finance, multinational...
The future of the state in a global context: Is the European Union a super state?
Thesis - 12 pages - European union
The organization of the world has been changing for the past few decades. Besides the nation sates, a lot of different forms of organization have been coming up. The development of international relations has brought about the need for organizations which enable cooperation between the national...
The economic, territorial, and cultural impact of the European Union on the Danish identity
Case study - 5 pages - European union
Created by the treaty of Rome in 1957, the European Union now has 25 member states. Over the years and decades, it has developed a wide range of policies with an emphasis on economic measures. The member states have had to adapt themselves to this new system of governance and to the...
The foreign policy tools of the European Union and the various institutions that they are connected to
Thesis - 4 pages - European law
The European Union is present on the international scene through 3 main policies areas: trade, development and security. Each domain depends on different institutions, holds different power and uses different tools. Decisions-making procedures are varied. Nonetheless, these three domains...
Is there a common European culture in diplomacy?
Essay - 5 pages - European union
At the moment, the question of culture is fundamental in the construction of Europe. The European Union is in fact searching for its identity which would be the basis to develop the political integration. Diplomacy has always played an important role in Europe: to represent and inform...
The European identity issue: what most determines the European "we feeling"?
Essay - 11 pages - European union
“You don't fall in love with a common market” (EU Commission President Jacques Delors in The European, 3 November 1994). Here emerges one of today's most challenging issues for the European Union: the prevalence of market integration has created a political vacuum and...
Bush's preventive war: Doctrine of mass confusion (Broadening or contortion of the concept of pre-emptive self-defense?)
Thesis - 23 pages - Political science
The debate triggered by the new Bush Doctrine of pre-emptive action lies in the amalgamation between pre-emptive (i.e. anticipatory) and preventive self-defense. While the former finds legal and political basis, the latter is, so far, hardly distinguished from outright aggression. The Bush...
Why has the European Court of Justice been so central to the process of integration?
Thesis - 10 pages - European union
“Law is often still treated as if it were a separate field, clearly distinct from the economic or political spheres” . As the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has never been given a lot of media coverage, most of the time, its role in the integration process is either disregarded...
Does the EU need a European Identity? Why? Why not? Use concrete examples to support your line of argument
Essay - 5 pages - European union
In a European Union under construction, speaking about European Identity is essential. If it exists, it should be the expression of a dynamic link between Europeans. This identity is or would therefore be the creator of art and culture, a common political ethic,...
How the Georgian and the financial crisis stress the main difficulties and changes that the European Union is facing nowadays?
Essay - 9 pages - European union
The financial crisis that we are facing in the present scenario is said to be the worst since World War two or even since the great depression. We can't compare our situation to the one in 1929 but we have to be realistic that the crisis is a global issue. We are now far away from the German...
Describe the major differences in interests and perspectives of the member states of the European Union on Iraq and the US policy
Essay - 15 pages - International relations
The Iraq conflict uncovers difficulties for the member states of the European Union to find a common position in the context of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. This essay describes the major differences in the interest and perspectives of the member governments on Iraq, and the US...
The role of the ECJ's (European Court of Justice) : the consumer who is reasonably well-informed and reasonably observant and circumspect
Essay - 14 pages - European law
The legal term of the “average consumer” was created by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) to protect the average consumer against unfair commercial practises. After the Second War World, many states were indeed inspired by Keynes's theory that aimed at division of resources...
In defense of Abstract Art
Essay - 2 pages - Arts and art history
It's possible to believe that people around the world love, hate, misunderstand, and criticize abstract art. More than likely the people who've come to hate and criticize probably have no art history knowledge or appreciation whatsoever. However, art critics and serious art collectors debate the...
Politics of the European Union
Thesis - 12 pages - European union
Since its foundation in the late 1950's, the European Union has seen its membership growing from 6 to 27 countries in 2007, with the accession of Bulgaria and Romania. The process might not stop at this point, as other countries such as West Balkans, Turkey, and eastern countries (former...
"The national influence on the European integration"
Essay - 7 pages - International relations
EU is regulated by a supranational institutional system, which still takes into account the national sensitiveness. Nevertheless, there is not a traditional strong supranational authority. Indeed, there is neither army nor police, and the decision making process is mainly based on consensus; and...
How does the European Commission foster the integration of the energy market?
Thesis - 5 pages - European union
The European Union (UE) proves to be an efficient exporting actor for the goods and services market. However, its capital account remains negative in the energy market. UE's growing dependency on gas and electricity suppliers is becoming an economic and strategic weakness for the business...
The evolution of the European Community / Union over the last 50 years
Thesis - 5 pages - European union
Fifty years after the Treaties of Rome (1957), the European Union has deeply evolved. From a regional economic cooperation, it has become a major international actor looking for re-launching its Constitutional process. If the European cooperation was a revolutionary concept after...
Underground Economy in the European Union: Moonlighting
Essay - 24 pages - Economy general
The black market, also known as the underground economy, has a substantial arsenal of words to describe it: black economy, illegal economy, unreported, unrecorded, ghost, invisible economy etc. Undeclared work also falls into the category of underground economy. This consists of different...
